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Key Concept 3.3

Changes in trade networks resulted from and stimulated increasing productive capacity, with important implications for social and gender structures and environmental processes.
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I.
Innovations stimulated agricultural
   and industrial production in many
   regions.
  
A. Agricultural production increased
       significantly due to technological
       innovations.


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B. Demand for luxury goods increased in Afro–Eurasia. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their
     production of textiles and porcelains for export; industrial production of iron and steel expanded in China.

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II. The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline and periods of increased urbanization buoyed by rising
    productivity and expanding trade networks.

    A. Multiple factors contributed to the decline of urban areas in this period, including invasions, disease, and the decline of
        agricultural productivity.

    B. Multiple factors contributed to urban revival, including the end of invasions, the availability of safe and reliable transport,
        the rise of commerce and warmer temperatures between 800 C.E. and 1300, increased agricultural productivity and
        subsequent rising population, and greater availability of labor.

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III. Despite significant continuities in social structures and in methods of production, there were also some important changes in
     labor management and in the effect of religious conversion on gender relations and family life.
     A. The diversification of labor organization that began with settled agriculture continued in this period. Forms of labor
          organization included free peasant agriculture, nomadic pastoralism, craft production and guild organization, various
          forms of coerced and unfree labor, government imposed labor, and military obligations.
     B. As in the previous period, social structures were shaped largely by class and caste hierarchies. Patriarchy continued;
          however, in some areas, women exercised more power and influence, most notably among the Mongols and in West
          Africa, Japan, and Southeast Asia.
     C. New forms of coerced labor appeared, including serfdom in Europe and Japan and the elaboration of the mit’a in the Inca
          Empire. Peasants resisted attempts to raise dues and taxes by staging revolts. The demand for slaves for both military
          and domestic purposes increased, particularly in central Eurasia, parts of Africa, and the eastern Mediterranean.

     D. Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Neoconfucianism were adopted in new regions and often caused significant changes 
          in gender relations
and family structure.
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KC 3.2